You hear it all the time: you should make sure your retirement savings at least keep pace with inflation. But what is Inflation and how does it really affect your retirement savings? Let’s explore. In simple terms, Inflation is an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. Deflation, on the other hand, is defined as a decrease in the general level of prices for goods and services. Example and some history: If inflation is high, at say 10% – as it was in the 1970s – then a loaf of bread that costs $1 this year will cost $1.10 the next year, and $1.21 two year from today. Inflation in the United States has averaged 3.29% from 1914 until 2016, but throughout history, it's varied quite a bit. It reached an all-time high of 23.70% in June 1920 and a record low of negative -15.80% in June 1921. Some will remember the high inflation rates of the 70s and early 80s when inflation hovered around 6% and occasionally reached double-digits. For comparison purposes, the inflation rate in Venezuela averaged 32.47% from 1973 until 2017, reaching an all-time high of 800% in December of 2016. So needless to say, Inflation around the world can and does vary dramatically. So how does Inflation affect your Retirement Account? The simple answer is: inflation decreases the purchasing power of your money in the future. Consider this: at 3% inflation, $100 today will only be worth $67.30 in 20 years, a loss of 1/3 its value. Said another way, that same $100 will only buy you $67.30 worth of goods and services in 20 years. And in 35 years? Well your $100 will be reduced to just $34.44. Think back to many good or services you paid for some years ago, and I bet you can say, "I remember when..." For me personally, I remember purchasing a gallon of gas for well under $1 per gallon in high school. How is Inflation calculated? Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates indexes that measure inflation:
How the Federal Reserve Attempts to Control Inflation Up until the early part of the 20th century, there was no central control or coordination of banking activity in the United States. In fact, the US was the only major industrial nation without a central bank until Congress established the Federal Reserve System in 1913 with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act. With the Federal Reserve Act, Congress set three very specific goals for the Fed:
These three goals are sometimes referred to as the Fed's "mandate." In order to help the Fed stabilize prices, Congress gave the Fed a very powerful tool: the ability to set monetary policy. And one way the Fed sets monetary policy is by manipulating short-term interest rates in an effort to control inflation. If the Fed believes that prevailing market conditions will increase inflation, it will attempt to slow the economy by raising short-term interest rates – reasoning that increases in the cost of borrowing money are likely to slow down both personal and business spending which therefore slows down the pressure for good and services, thus lowering inflation. The flip side is true too: if the Fed believes that the economy has slowed too much, it will lower short-term interest rates in an effort to lower the cost of borrowing and stimulate personal and business spending. As you might imagine, the Fed walks a very fine line. If it does not slow the economy soon enough by raising rates, it runs the risk of inflation getting out of control. And if the Fed does not help the economy soon enough by lowering rates, it runs the risk of the economy going into recession. Currently, the Fed believes that “inflation at the rate of 2 percent (as measured by the annual change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures, or PCE) is most consistent over the longer run with the Fed’s mandate for price stability and maximum employment.” What Investors Need to Remember Therefore, it is imperative that your long-term retirement strategies account for inflation and that you prepare for a decrease in the purchasing power of your dollar over time. As a financial advisor, I would suggest you assume inflation will be approximately 3%, its historical average. So in other words, your investment portfolio needs to AT LEAST cover the "cost" of Inflation or earn a rate of return equal to or greater than inflation. It’s true that inflation today hovers around 2% – the Federal Reserve’s target inflation rate – but I would prefer to use the last 100-years of data. If I’m wrong and we find that the inflation rate for the next 25 years turns out to be 2%, then the purchasing power of your retirement savings will be more, not less. And I’d rather err on the side of caution. -Paul R. Rossi, CFA
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